\chapter{对等连接词与对等从句}
对等连接词（主要是and、or和but三个）用来连接句子中两个对等的部分（单词或短语），也可连接两个对等的从句。所谓对等，指结构与内容都要对称。以``相关词组''(correlatives)出现的对等连接词（如not…but;not only…but also;both…and;either…or等）也易造成错误。再者，对等连接词所连接的对等从句中常会为了避免重复而进行省略。

下面提供12则例子说明对等连接词与对等从句在需注意的地方。每句都有一部分画了线，其中包含对等连接词使用不当所造成的错误。

\begin{numbered_demo}{The Yangtze River, the most vital source of irrigation water across the width of China \uline{and important as a transportation conduit as well}, has nurtured the Chinese civilization for millennia. (误)}
    长江是横贯中国最重要的灌溉水源，同时也是重要的交通管道，数千年来孕育着中华文化。
\end{numbered_demo}

主要从句的基本句型是：

\wordtag{The Yangtze River}{S} \wordtag{has nurtured}{V} \wordtag{the Chinese civilization}{O}.

主语与动词中间的两个逗号当一对括弧来看，括弧中放的是主语The Yangtze River的同位语（就是形容词从句简化，省略which is的结果）。这个句子错在对等连接词and连接的2个部分在结构上不对称：左边的the most vital source是名词短语，右边的important却是形容词，词类不同，不适合以对等连接词and连接。划线部分改法不只一种，但最简单就是把右边词类改为名词类以符合对称要求：

\begin{titled_block}{}
    The Yangtze River, the most vital source of irrigation water across the width of China \uline{and an important transportation conduit}, has nurtured the Chinese civilization for millennia.
\end{titled_block}

\begin{numbered_demo}
    {Scientists believe that hibernation is triggered \uline{by decreasing environmental temperatures, food shortage,shorter periods of daylight, and by hormonal activity}. (误) }
    科学家认为引发冬眠的因素包括环境的气温下降、食物短缺、白昼缩短以及荷尔蒙作用。
\end{numbered_demo}

句中画线部分是以by A、B、C and by D的结构来修饰宾语从句中的动词 is triggered。由内容看ABCD是平行的，应该以对等方式处理。可原句中，by A、B、C间缺乏连接词，而and只能连接两个by引导的介系词短语(by this and by that)，因此原句的结构上有语法问题。最佳修改方式 是把A、B、C、D四项平行的因素并列，以连接词and串连，共同置于单一的介系词之后成为by A、B、C and D的结构，故修正为：

\begin{titled_block}{}
    Scientists believe that hibernation is triggered \uline{by decreasing environmental temperatures, food shortage, shorter periods of daylight, and hormonal activity}.
\end{titled_block}

\begin{numbered_demo}
    {
        Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth and generally harm the fetus. (误)
    }
    孕妇吸烟可能妨碍胚胎发育，对胚胎造成一般性的伤害。
\end{numbered_demo}
这个句子可视为以下的对等从句的省略：

Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth of the fetus, and it may generally harm the fetus.

对等从句省略的原则是，相对应位置如果是重复的元素就可以省略，但即使省略掉重复的元素依然能表达清楚。上面这个句子中，两个宾语扮演的角色不同：在前面的对等从句以fetus为介系词of的宾语，在后面的对等从句则以fetus为动词harm的宾语。所以，固然可以省略前面的宾语fetus，但介系词of却不能省略。应修正为：

\begin{titled_block}{}
    Smoking by pregnant women \uline{may slow the growth of and generally harm the fetus.}
\end{titled_block}

\begin{numbered_demo}
    {Rapid advances in computer technology have enhanced \uline{the speed of calculation, the quality of graphics,the fun with computer games, and have lowered prices.}(误)}
    电脑技术的快速进展提高了计算的速度、图形的品质、电脑游戏的乐趣，也降低了价格。
\end{numbered_demo}

这个句子以speed、quality和fun三者为动词have enhanced的宾语，三者在内容与结构上都是对等的，可却没有对等连接词连接，反而在后面加上and和have lowered prices连在一起，成为A、B、C和D的结构，其中A、B、C都是名词短语，D却是动词短语，结构上不对称。从内容上说，A、B、C是增加的三样东西，D是降低的东西，所以四者内容也不对称，不适合并列。修改方法可把前面三个名词短语用A、B and C的方式连接，第四项``降低价格''这项不对称的元素则不必对等，而以从属从句简化的方式来处理，成为：

\begin{titled_block}{}
    Rapid advances in computer technology have enhanced \uline{the speed of calculation, the quality of graphics and the fun with computer games while lowering prices}.
\end{titled_block}

\begin{numbered_demo}
    {Population density is very low in Canada, \uline{the largest country in the Western Hemisphere and it is the second largest in the whole world}. (误)}
    加拿大人口密度很底，它是西半球最大的国家，也是世界第二大国。
\end{numbered_demo}
这个句子中，the largest country in the Western Hemisphere是形容词从句省略掉which is之后留下的名词补语，也就是所谓的同位语（作为Canada的同位语），置于对等连接词and的左边。但，连接词右边的it is the second largest in the whole world在含义上虽然和左边对称，可却是主要从句的结构，所以结构上并不对称。对等连接词的要求就是在含义、结构上都要尽量对称，所以可将it is the second largest in the whole world也改为名词短语以求结构对称工整，成为：

\begin{titled_block}{}
    Population density is very low in Canada, \uline{the largest country in the Western Hemisphere and the second largest in the whole world}.
\end{titled_block}

\begin{numbered_demo}
    {Once the safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and \uline{with its superiority to the old one being} proved, there was nothing to stop the factory from switching over.(误)}
    新的生产程序一旦排除完全方面的顾虑，并且证明它比旧的生产程序更好，这家工厂就没有理由不作改变了。
\end{numbered_demo}
对等连接词and出现在下划线前，它的左边是一个从属从句，右边却是一个介系词短语，结构上不对称。可先将其还原为对等从句：

The saftety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and its superiority to the old one was proved.

这两个对等从句中，主语部分并不相同，动词部分是两个不同动词的被动态，只有be动词是重复的元素，所以只能省略一个be动词，成为：

The safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and its superiority to the old one proved.

省略后的对等从句前面加上once（一旦）就成为表示条件的副词从句，若再附于主要从句之上，就成为符合对称要求的从句：
\begin{titled_block}{}
    Once the safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and its superiority to the old one proved, there was nothing to stop the factory from switching over.
\end{titled_block}

\begin{numbered_demo}
    {Worker bees in a honeybee hive assume various tasks,such as guarding the entrance,serving as sentinel and to sound a warning at the slightest threat, and exploring outside the nest for areas rich in flowers and, consequently,nectar. (误)}
    蜂窝中的工蜂担负各种任务，包括守卫入口、站哨并在威胁来临时发出警报，以及到巢外寻找富有花朵及花蜜的地区。
\end{numbered_demo}
句子中在such as 后列举工蜂担负的任务，基本上是A、B and C的结构，serving as sentinel与to sound a warning在结构上一个是动名词，一个是不定词，不对称，改为：

\begin{titled_block}{}
    Worker bees in a honeybee hive assume various tasks, such as guarding the entrance,\uline{serving as sentinel and sounding a warning at the slightest threat}, and exploring outside the nest for areas rich in flowers and, consequently, nectar.
\end{titled_block}

\begin{numbered_demo}
    {Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty built the Great Wall of China in the 3rd century BC, a gigantic construction that meanders from Gansu province in the west through 2,400km to the Yellow Sea in the east and ranging from 4 to 12 m in width. (误)}
    秦始皇在公元前三世纪修筑了长城，这是巨大的建筑，从西端的甘肃蜿蜒2400公里到东端的黄海，宽度由4米到12米不等。
\end{numbered_demo}

句中的a gigantic construction是the Great Wall的同位语，后面用that meanders…的形容词从句来修饰。对等连接词and的右边是ranging，可左边找不到Ving的结构与之对称。从意思上看，右边是讲厚度，左边讲长度的部分只有形容词从句的动词meanders可能与ranging对称，所以把ranging改为动词ranges以求对称，成为：

\begin{titled_block}{}
    Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty built the Great Wall of China in the 3rd century BC, a gigantic construction that meanders from Gansu province in the west through 2,400km to the Yellow Sea in the east and rangs from 4 to 12 m in width. 
\end{titled_block}

\begin{numbered_demo}
    {The large number of sizable orders suggests that factory operations are thriving,but that the low-tech nature of the processing indicates that profit margins will not be as high as might be expected. (误)}
    从许多巨额订单来看，工厂的营运畅旺，可是加工程序属于低科技，显示利润幅度可能不像预期那么高。
\end{numbered_demo}
对等连接词but右边是that引导的名词从句，只能与左边的that factory operations are thriving对称。但如此解释出来的句意不通。仔细对比but的左右，发现意思上是另一种形式的对称：

A. The large number of sizable orders suggests something good.

B. The low-tech nature of processing indicates something bad.

这两句在形式与意思上都对称，其中宾语部分的something good 与 something bad分别以一个that引导的名词从句来表示。其实，but的右边应该与左边的主要从句对称，都是主要从句，不应以从属连接词that引导，所以把but右边的that拿掉，成为：
\begin{titled_block}{}
    The large number of sizable orders suggests that factory operations are thriving,but \sout{that} the low-tech nature of the processing indicates that profit margins will not be as high as might be expected.
\end{titled_block}

\begin{numbered_demo}
    {Not only is China the world's most populous state \uline{but also the largest} market in the 21st century. (误)}
    中国不仅是世界人口最多的国家，也是21世纪最大的市场。
\end{numbered_demo}
像not only…but also之类以相关词组（correlatives）出现的对等连接词，在对称方面要求更为严格：not only与but之间所夹的部分要和but右边对称。原句中把not only移到句首成倒装句，造成的结果是它与but之间夹着一个完整的从句。因此but的右边只有名词短语the largest market…就不对称，应该改为完整的从句，成为：
\begin{titled_block}{}
    Not only is China the world's most populous state but it is also the largest market in the 21st century.
\end{titled_block}
注意also的位置不一定要和but放在一起。also和only一样有强调（focusing）的功能。Not only修饰动词 is，与其对称之下also也和be动词放在一起才好，所以右边是but it is also而不是but also it is …。

\begin{numbered_demo}
    {New radio stations \uline{are either overly partisan, resulting in lopsided propaganda, or avoid politics completely,} shirking the media's responsibility as a public watchdog. (误)}
    新成立的广播电台不是党派色彩过于鲜明，造成一面倒的宣传，就是完全避谈政治，推卸了媒体作为大众监察人的责任。    
\end{numbered_demo}

相关词组either…or之间所夹的部分也要与or右边对称。原句中左边是形容词partisan，右边却是动词avoid，无法对称。可将两边都改为形容词，成为：

\begin{titled_block}{}
    New raido stations \uline{are either overly partisan, resulting in lopsided propaganda,or completely apolitical}, shirking the meidia's responsibility as a public watchdog.
\end{titled_block}
或两边都用动词，成为：
\begin{titled_block}{}
    New raido stations \uline{either take an overly partisan stance, resulting in lopsided propaganda,or avoid politics completely}, thus shirking the meidia's responsibility as a public watchdog.
\end{titled_block}

\begin{numbered_demo}
    {Many modern-day Scientists are not atheists, to whom there is no such thing as God; rather agnostics, who refrain from conjecturing about the existence of God, much less His properties. (误)}
    许多当代科学家并非无神论者，即不相信有神存在，而是不可知论者，即不愿妄加臆测神的存在与否，更不愿推断神的属性。
\end{numbered_demo}
这一句应是以not A but B的相关词组来连接两个名词atheists和agnostics，后面分别附上一个形容词从句。但原句中却选用分号(；)和副词rather来连接。分号可以取代连接词来连接两个从句，如：

He's not an atheist; rather, he believes in agnosticism.

（他不是无神论者，而是信奉不可知论。）

可是分号不能取代对等连接词来连接名词短语，更不能取代not…but的相关词组，所以将相关词组还原为：

\begin{titled_block}{}
    Many modern-day Scientists are not atheists, to whom there is no such thing as God,but agnostics, who refrain from conjecturing about the existence of God, much less His properties.
\end{titled_block}

\section{测试}
\begin{multicols}{2}
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item Gold not only looks beautiful \blank lasts forever.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item and 
            \item nevertheless
            \item but also 
            \item besides
        \end{enumerate}
        \item \blank to militarism nor the imposition of a totalitarianism could long guarantee Japan victory in war.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item The devotion is neither
            \item Neither is the devotion 
            \item The devotion, neither 
            \item Neither the devotion
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Democracy is not the ideal political institution, \blank it is an optimal one.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item where 
            \item and 
            \item so 
            \item but 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item War is destructive, wasteful, and \blank.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item ultimately futile
            \item an ultimately futile exercise
            \item it is ultimately futile
            \item ultimate futility
        \end{enumerate}
        \item To succeed in this business, you must be either talented \blank hard working.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item or be 
            \item or 
            \item nor 
            \item and 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Not only is fruit cheap in Thailand \blank.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item but it also comes in many varieties
            \item but also in many varieties
            \item but also comes in many varieties
            \item and also various
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Oil painting began with the Flemish artists, \blank[0.5cm] watercolor has been around since ancient cavemen first dug out colored earth from the ground and mixed it with water.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item so
            \item and 
            \item or 
            \item but 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Her boyfriend is tall, handsome, and \blank.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item intelligence
            \item intelligent
            \item intelligently
            \item he is intelligent
        \end{enumerate}
        \item They plan to shop the whole afternoon and \blank the evening through.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item dance 
            \item dancing
            \item have danced
            \item will dancing
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Not only \blank but he also drinks heavily.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item he smokes a lot
            \item he does smoke a lot 
            \item does he smoke a lot 
            \item does smoke a lot
        \end{enumerate}
        \item The origin of ``go(围棋)'' and \blank was in ancient China.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item the place of its development
            \item it was developed
            \item it was developed which
            \item the development was there
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Hawaii is famous for its spectacular volcanoes, friendly people, and \blank.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item pleasant
            \item to have pleasant beaches 
            \item its beaches are pleasant
            \item pleasant beaches
        \end{enumerate}
        \item When the eye of a typhoon passes through, the air is still, the humidity high, \blank low.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item with air pressure
            \item air pressure being 
            \item that the air pressure is 
            \item and the air pressure
        \end{enumerate}
        \item A password consisting of both letters and numerals cannot be easily guessed, \blank be easily cracked by a decoding expert.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item nor can it 
            \item and cannot it 
            \item nor it cannot 
            \item it cannot
        \end{enumerate}
        \item The police detective tried to find clues by \blank and repeatedly questioning the suspect.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item careful
            \item carefully
            \item he is careful 
            \item to be careful
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Meteorological satellites help make weather forecasts more accurate and \blank .
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item more reliably
            \item more reliability
            \item more reliable
            \item it is reliable
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Controlling the way you spend money is often a more effective way to meet a budget than \blank. 
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item try to make more money 
            \item you try to make more money 
            \item trying to make more money 
            \item you are trying to make more money 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Allowing children to make small decisions for themselves may contribute to harmony,efficiency and \blank .
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item happiness
            \item the are happy 
            \item happily 
            \item to happy 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Contrary to common belief, the pencil uses \blank.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item lead nor graphite 
            \item but lead not graphite 
            \item not lead but graphite 
            \item graphite but lead 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Dr. Sun Yat-sen is remembered by Chinese \blank the Ching Dynasty but also for laying down the foundations for a new China.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item not only overthrew 
            \item only not overthrew 
            \item not only for overthrowing 
            \item for not only overthrowing 
        \end{enumerate}
    \end{enumerate}    
\end{multicols}

\section{答案}
\begin{multicols}{2}
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item (C) not only 须有but also配合使用
        \item (D) neither…nor之间要求对称。
        \item (D) 上文有not，下文要有but，来表示``并非前者，而是后者''
        \item (A) 对等连接词and要求对称，futile是``徒劳的''
        \item (B) either和or配合使用，而且要求对称
        \item (A) Not only后是一个倒装的从句，but后面也要选从句的构造
        \item (D) 空格前面都是完整的句子，两句话有相反的内容，要用对等连接词but
        \item (B) 对等连接词and要求对称
        \item (A) 
        \item (C) Not only 移至句首时要用倒装句型
        \item (A) 
        \item (D) 
        \item (D) 未省略前是the air is still, the humidity is high,and the air pressure is low这三个以and连接的对等从句
        \item (A) nor置于句首要用倒装
        \item (B) 
        \item (C) 比较级也要对称
        \item (C) 
        \item (A)
        \item (C) not…but表示``非前者，是后者''。铅笔用的不是铅，是石墨
        \item (C) 
    \end{enumerate}
\end{multicols}
